土壤水分动态对林地地表径流的影响概况

指出了土壤水分是影响地表径流产生重要因素之一 ,研究土壤水分在土壤中的分布、土壤水分动态变化规律以及影响土壤水分变化的因子 ,对林地的生态环境保护具有重要意义.土壤水分的分布受空间和时间的影响 ,不仅如此 ,土壤水分动态变化和分布规律还受到诸如气象因子、地形因子、地形利用因子、人为活动等因子的影响.这些影响因素都导致了土壤水分动态变化在空间和时间上的差异 ,从而导致了林地降雨-产流的差异.因此 ,深入研究影响土壤水分变化的各种因素 ,以及研究各种因素对土壤水分动态变化的作用规律 ,一方面能够为降雨-地表径流的发生规律提供参考 ,另一方面为保护林地植被生长提供了重要的条件.     

不同光照和土壤水分对3种龙脑香科植物种子发芽的影响

2007和2008连续两年的1月、10月,分别采集云南龙脑香科的东京龙脑香、望天树、狭叶坡垒的种子,将种子在不同光照(20%、40%、60%和80%)和不同土壤水分(土壤含水量20%、40%、60%和80%)条件下进行种子萌发试验,研究不同光照和土壤水分对3种植物种子发芽率和苗木生长的影响。结果表明,龙脑香科植物种子发芽率在光照强度为20%、40%时较高,80%时较低;种子发芽率在土壤含水率60%时较高,80%和20%均较低;在同等条件下,狭叶坡垒种子发芽率最高,最高时可达88%,东京龙脑香种子发芽率最低,最低时仅为9%;在相同条件下,3种云南龙脑香科植物苗木生长最快的为狭叶坡垒,15个月苗龄苗高为86 cm,地径达1.23 cm。     

3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分生物量动态及其与土壤水分的关系

对3种整地方式下的尾巨桉林分生长和林地土壤水分进行了监测,通过分析各林地的林分单株平均生物量及林地土壤水分的变化,探讨二者的相互关系,以期为合理评估整地对尾巨桉林分生长和水分利用效率的影响提供科学依据。研究结果表明：随着林龄的增长,3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分单株总生物量和各器官生物量均呈增加趋势,其树干和树根所占比例逐渐增加,而树枝和树叶所占比例呈减小趋势。在幼龄期(16个月之前),全垦条件下的尾巨桉林分生长量最大,18个月后带垦的林分生长量最大;3种整地方式下的尾巨桉林地土壤水分的季节变化格局相似,与天然降水分布基本保持一致。3种整地方式中穴垦尾巨桉林地土壤有较高含水率且显著大于全垦和带垦的(P<0.05),全垦与带垦之间差异不显著;3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分单株平均生物量与耗水量之间均呈显著正相关,利用3块林分单株平均生长量及对应时间的耗水量得到了尾巨桉林分单株生长量与林分耗水量的拟合方程。     

水分对栗钙土理化性质及杨树生长的影响

采用野外调查和室内测试相结合的方法,研究了水分对栗钙土理化性质和杨树生长的影响.结果表明:由于过水林地比未过水林地具有较低的容重和土壤硬度、较高的土壤持水能力以及较高的有机质、全氮、全磷和有效氮含量,使得过水林地上杨树人工林的直径、树高和材积生长量、各级根系长度、根系总长度和根系总生物量整体上超过来过水林地.     

生长年限对苜蓿和柠条光合特征及土壤水分的影响

为了探究生长年限对衰败期苜蓿和中老龄柠条的叶片光合生理特征及土壤水分的影响，在2014年于地处黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带强烈侵蚀中心的神木六道沟小流域，测定了不同生长年限苜蓿（ALF₁₀、ALF₁₃、ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉）和柠条（KOP₁₀、KOP₂₅、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃）的叶片光合参数、叶结构性状参数以及0~400 cm土层土壤体积含水量（SWC_0-400）。结果表明：对于衰败期苜蓿，ALF₁₀和ALF₁₃叶片净光合速率（P_n）差异不显著（P>0.05），而后随生长年限的延长逐渐降低，ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉比ALF₁₃叶片的P_n（24.01 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别降低了2.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.76 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比ALF₁₀，随生长年限延长SWC_0-400恢复至10.88%（ALF₁₃），而后随着生长年限延长降低至8.81%（ALF₃₃）和6.12%（ALF₄₉）。土壤水分对ALF₃₃的限制作用不明显，水分胁迫使ALF₄₉非气孔限制值比ALF₃₃增大了0.340。对于中老龄期柠条，叶片P_n随生长年限的延长先升高后降低，KOP₂₅和KOP₄₃叶片P_n最大且两者差异不显著（P>0.05），比KOP₁₀（6.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别增大了6.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.66 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，KOP₇₃比KOP₄₃叶片P_n降低了4.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。对于同为黄绵土生长的KOP₁₀、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃，SWC_0-400随生长年限延长逐渐上升，分别为8.50%、9.06%和10.71%。土壤水分恢复使KOP₄₃叶片气孔及非气孔限制值比KOP₁₀柠条降低了0.185和2.180。此外，柠条叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）与P_n呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），相关系数为0.514。研究结果表明衰败期苜蓿和中老龄期柠条叶片光合性能呈波动式变化，这与土壤水分的相互作用有关。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

基于BEPS模型的雨养冬小麦农田土壤水分动态模拟

北部生态系统生产力模拟(BEPS,Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator)模型能够模拟不同生态系统碳水循环过程,并通过气孔导度将二者有机地结合,在土壤水分模拟上具有更大的优势。为了使BEPS模型适用于较小空间尺度的雨养冬小麦农田生态系统的土壤水分模拟,根据冬小麦的降水截留过程、冠层的辐射传输过程、根系分布规律和区域土壤水文参数的获取方法对BEPS模型的水平衡模块进行参数方案调整。在此基础上,基于实现BEPS模型与遥感反演的农田土壤水分数据同化的目的,利用经上述调整方案后的BEPS模型,对郑州农业气象试验站2011—2015年冬小麦生长季的农田土壤水分进行动态模拟,并用观测数据进行验证。结果表明,调整后的BEPS模型能够较好地模拟雨养冬小麦农田土壤水分及动态变化,决定系数R2可达0.70以上,平均相对误差MRE总体低于25.0%,但对底层模拟能力较差;在以旬为步长条件下,拔节前模拟效果优于拔节后;土壤水文参数是影响模型模拟土壤水分垂直交换和分布的主要因素,可通过优化进一步提高土壤水分模拟能力。     

不同立地类型根灌、滴灌水分扩散规律

为掌握根灌、滴灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分扩散规律,通过不同灌水梯度试验,采用挖剖面和直观观测法,研究了根灌和滴灌在不同立地类型土壤水分的垂直和水平扩散规律。结果表明:风沙土中根灌、滴灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,且灌水时间与扩散速率均呈负相关对数关系。沙质壤土中根灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率呈负相关对数关系。灰棕漠土中根灌初期水分垂直扩散和水平扩散相同,随时间增大,水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散;滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,但两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率也呈负相关对数关系。总体来看,根灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分无论垂直扩散速率还是水平扩散速率都表现为:沙质壤土风沙土灰棕漠土;滴灌则无论水平扩散速率还是垂直扩散速率都表现为:灰棕漠土风沙土沙质壤土,两者扩散规律明显不同。